I've been made aware of a short 'Muslim SF' story, by the Malaysian writer and medical doctor Fadzlishah Johanabas bin Rosli (published earlier this year, it looks) in COSMOS Magazine; concerning the difference between humans and robots, the ability of having a 'soul' and being able to believe of the latter, and the human's reaction to any such claim.
Overall well written and enjoyable, even if it treads ground Isaac Asimov quite comprehensively covered with (especially the later) Robot stories; albeit not in terms of religion and from a Muslim perspective.
The full story, called Act of Faith, can be read here.